![价格民粹和重刑主义之下,食品安全的出路在哪里?](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
围绕海天酱油的争议正在逐渐退出舆论热点,但真问题却还有待进一步辨析。
一、双标是正常的
在大规模工业化食品生产中使用添加剂不是坏事。很多人心目中的田园牧歌并不安全,以前的土添加剂更糟糕。以前大米储存是掺药的;土榨油黄曲霉素超标很多倍;用人粪当肥料,导致大规模寄生虫感染;用头发做酱油。正是很多人觉得不天然的工业化生产,使得中国人的食品越来越安全。
有观点认为,即便添加剂本身没有问题,但海天双标,中国的产品有添加剂,卖到日本的产品没添加剂还更便宜。这触发了朴素的民族感情,引来愤怒。
那么,真的是海天对中国消费者不公平,歧视中国消费者吗?海天为什么要这么做?
很多人没有说出来的答案,或者说,说了自己也不信的答案是:海天是精神日本人,仇恨中国人。但这实在太荒谬了,以至于没人这么说,只敢隐约暗示以激起民族情绪。
从纯生意角度,没有厂商会对某个国家的人特别好,也不会对某个国家的人特别坏,企业哪有那个闲心。其实,海天在国内也有零添加产品。
至于定价问题,则相对复杂一些,影响因素很多。比如,出口有退税;国外的税更低;国内渠道费用可能更高;国外食品进口商回款快,不赖账;国外进口商采购规模大;国外销量更大;打开新市场等因素,都会导致不同的定价策略。比如,很多人指控联想在美国卖得便宜,那到亚马逊上跨境电商去买不就好了,显然,这样做是不行的,因为税分割了市场。
销量也是影响定价的重要因素,假如海天零更贵的零添加产品,中国超市一年只能卖100瓶,但日本的经济水平更高,一个超市能卖10000瓶,分摊下来的费用能一样吗?日本酱油大国,其产品享誉全球,在这样一个国家,中国品牌为打开市场,采取低价甚至赔本策略,也是很正常的。中国鞋卖到美国,也比卖到国内便宜,也是基于同类原因,难道那么多鞋老板也恨同胞?
所以,不同市场会导致不同的竞争策略、价格策略,简单的对比不同市场的价格,是不专业的,不客观的。
质疑双标的有很多媒体人,不妨再打个比方,人民日报署名社论,不要稿费你也会写。但一个自媒体编辑来声讨你:你给我们写稿,居然要稿费,但你给人民日报改稿8次,分文不收,你这是搞双标。那么,你觉得自己是双标吗?
二、标准不是越高越好
食品安全、产品质量,由两方面构成。一方面是公共品,即监管,主要靠舆论、公共投入。另一方面,是消费品,是要靠钱买的。缺一不可。一个竞争足够,且参与竞争者的产业链都具有一定规模的情况下,主要是后者起作用,也就是说,主要靠钱买。当消费者都买更贵的产品,有添加剂的酱油就会被市场淘汰,乃至添加剂都自然消亡,就像现在用蚊香的人越来越少。但实际情况是,很多超市不卖这种产品,是超市和中国人有仇吗?不是,是因为消费者普遍买便宜的。的确,谁都买得起30元一瓶的酱油,但舍得买,才是真的买得起。
所以,某种程度上,这场讨论背后,是上中产的呼吁遮蔽了普通人。对标日本欧美,恰好证明,舆论遗忘了大多数中国人,把北上广深当作了中国常态,啥都要和发达国家比一比。
中产觉得,一年食物支出增加1万,挺好,更安全。但国标一味的高,消费者给的价钱不足,供应者就会造假。上中产不断在生活方式上“拖拽”普通人。上中产要吃三文鱼,去开市客、盒马生鲜买,普通人受影响也要吃,开市客、盒马的太贵,去菜市买,结果买到淡水三文鱼。
不要农药化肥的大米,一亩只产两百斤,一个农民纯手工种十亩,2000斤。一年算收入3万块,成本就是15一斤。运费、渠道、商场广告,占另外一半,最后价格30元一斤。如果非要说食品安全是基本民生,有机大米是基本权利,但却只出五块钱一斤去买,这个时候农民就会造假。
政府制定标准,但标准不会自己去生产。还是得靠厂家,消费者拿钱买品质。国家把标准制订得很高,价格不到位,又要马儿跑,又要马儿不吃草,就会出现假冒伪劣,产业链末端的小农生产者,就会造假。当年奶业标准定得高,价格不足,小农生产达不到标准,最后就加三聚氰胺。
所以,食品标准涉及专业、市场、技术,需要通盘权衡,要法律上可执行,经济上可持续,并不是越严格越合理,越正义。美国有瘦肉精,中国禁止加,很多人嘲笑美国农产品标准比中国低,但美国肉便宜,美国人每年的肉食量比中国老百姓多很多。
所以,制订标准,需要几方博弈。大企业参与标准制定是正常的,试图降低标准也是正常的。反对把标准提高的人,很可能是真讲良心;赞同提高标准的人,很可能是贪图名誉。打个比方,质疑为什么汽车安全国标不是标配L3级别的自动驾驶,是哗众取宠;而如果当年有人呼吁调低牛奶蛋白质含量标准,反而可以拯救无数家庭免于大头娃娃或者孩子肾结石。
实际上,参与指定标准的企业,也不是铁板一块。有些企业希望提高标准,有些企业希望降低标准,他们的竞争中,随着经济发展,标准自然会逐步提升。其实这波舆论,很可能就有这个因素。但标准应该是市场的结果,而不是舆情的结果。觉得标准能解决一切,本质上是不相信市场经济。
三、食品安全是经济发展,市场竞争带来的,而不是标准制订出来的
大规模工业化生产,大企业是提升安全的有效方法。实际上,中国食品安全得到提升,不是因为有重罚,而是因为市场在不断演进,规模越来越大,通过规模效应压低成本,提升安全。
家乐福、沃尔玛、开市客、盒马、社区团购的菜安全比小贩的菜更安全吗?答案显然是肯定的。他们对供应商有严格的约束,也有完善的检测设备、制度,有能力去约束。消费者也知道这一点,所以,要求也更高。土豆保质期,过了一天,消费者都要投诉。对菜贩来说,土豆不发芽,就是没过期。
大规模生产能提高食品安全,却必然会消灭小农生产,消费者选择之下,菜贩竞争不过,语文老师就出来写悲情文章,控诉资本作恶,消灭菜贩、抢农民生计。同一群人,消费行为与舆论上持有的观点,就割裂了。
舆情是虚幻的,购买行为才是真正的态度。
然而舆情势大,一时呈汹涌之势,群情激愤,讨厌规模,因为规模效应背后是资本。情绪上头,资本被锤,菜贩又回来了,那就还是买菜贩的菜,走小农经济的道路。
菜贩的菜,是1万个分散农户种的,然后通过1000个菜贩运进来,然后通过100个小店卖出来。这些零散的经营者,没有长期商誉,也没有规模效应,也没有能力去检验,去约束,连需要开票的常识都不知道——前不久小店被罚正是因为进货没有发票,可菜农哪有发票可开呢?而且,各个环节赚得都很少,各环节都有动机为了降低成本、多赚一点,那么,自然只有靠造假、用农药、掺入化学物质等等。于是,食品安全问题又出来了,消费者又不满意,舆论又起来了。
舆论又一次提供了虚幻的态度。
很多人认为,房子、车子、衣服可以分层,但食品不能分层,酱油、米、不能靠钱来分层。
其实,车子分层也关乎安全,顶配的汽车,肯定比电瓶车安全,但仍然有很多人,会选择电瓶车而不是汽车,即便购买汽车,也未必多掏钱买安全顶配的车型。中国人对于安全和自由有不恰当的权衡。用安全诱导,可以放弃一切,特别是当他们以为安全没有代价的时候,但最后既没有安全又失去自由。
甚至时候安全是没有代价的——在舆论中要求重罚。
群众喜欢重刑主义,要求严立法,喜欢入刑,酒驾入刑、超载入刑、农药超标入刑、火锅老油入刑。这必然导向一个结果,赋予政府更大得权力。立法会响应,会非常严格,预防式立法,认定式立法。不管是否有危害,达不到门槛就重罚。
立法有了,皮球就到了市场监督部门。市场执法部门就“以罚代管”只负责罚款,不负责追溯,谁被罚谁倒霉。
市场执法部门除了以罚代管,也没其他办法。因为溯源去查,要人力,要资金。大超市、大平台式有规模效应。与供应商长期合作,约束好了,1000吨菜,集约化生产,标准统一,执行平均下来很小。但如果是菜贩、菜农,执法部门面对的是一万个菜农、几千个小店,追溯一起食品安全问题,就能耗掉执法部门几万的检验、人力成本。那么,执法部门也只能是重罚,于是,不合情理的重罚又出来了,拍黄瓜罚五万,卖农药超标的芹菜罚5万。群众同情又上来了。但是,这个伦理难题的始作俑者,不正是情绪化的舆论吗?
当然,舆论也是市场的一部分。我赞同推动消费者意识,但不要民粹、反市场、反科学,煽动情绪的方式去做。但令人遗憾的现实是,价格民粹再加上重刑主义,成了一个解不开的乱麻。有办法解开这个难题吗?其实,市场提供了最高效、低成本的解决方案,偏偏不要,哪有其他更好的办法呢?
(刘远举)