从一开始,留学就是呈现中美关系改变的一个符号。而同样,当中美关系出现波折时,留学也会受到影响。
![中国学生赴美留学黄金时代走向终结?](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校(UIUC),是世界上第一个给中国学生人数买保险的大学。
2017年,出于对中国学生可能减少的恐惧,UIUC商学院和工程学院买了一份为期3年的保险,在中国学生减少导致学校收入明显下降的情况下,学校可以获得最高6100万美元的理赔。
UIUC非常依赖中国学生,其商学院五分之一的经费来自中国学生缴纳的学费。
不少人质疑这是“杞人忧天”——UIUC是最受中国学生欢迎的美国大学之一,2017年,吸引了超过5900名中国留学生,且这个数字此前一直在增 长。
但校领导担心,随着中美关系前景变得不明朗,即使是UIUC这样的世界名校(当年泰晤士世界大学排名36位),对中国学生的吸引力也会下降。
事实证明,买保险是有先见之明的事——校领导们担心的事变成了现实。
2021年,中国赴美留学人数暴跌14.6%,此前连续20年的增长就此画上句号。这很大程度上是因为新冠疫情导致的旅行限制。但在疫情前,赴美留学市场就已经不景气了。从2017年开始,中国赴美留学人数增速明显下滑,增长趋于停滞,维持在36万人左右的规模。
留学生的数量增长迅速,甚至变得越来越卷。在疫情暴发前的2019年,赴美留学中国学生只增加了0.8%,远低于2006-2016年间17%以上的平均增速,也低于当年中国6.5%的留学生总增长速度。
赴美留学狂飙突进时代似乎要结束了。国内一家知名教育机构的调查显示,2015-2022年,留学目的地中,倾向美国的人数比例从51%下降到30%;选择英国的人大幅增加,占比从32%上升到41%,新加坡和中国香港的吸引力也明显提高。
这既与留学目的地的选择多元有关,也有疫情的催化。然而,除此之外,还有着更重要的原因。
![中国学生赴美留学黄金时代走向终结?](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
2021年8月19日,上海,留学生与家长在浦东机场T2航站楼内有序排队,等待办理登机手续。(@视觉中国 图)
“牺牲品”
开头提到的UIUC,其中国留学生人数也从2018年开始持续减少,“恰好”在这一年,特朗普宣布对中国发动贸易战。
在2017年就任美国总统后,特朗普实施了一系列极具争议的排外措施。除了禁止穆斯林占多数的伊拉克等7个国家的公民入境,在美国边境建墙阻止移民,以及退出跨太平洋伙伴关系(TPP)谈判,他也没有放过被视为最大竞争对手的中国。
特朗普一直在“污名化”中国。他声称,“中国正在偷走美国人的就业机会”以及“盗窃美国知识产权”,还发动了对中国的贸易战。新冠疫情暴发后,特朗普更是把疫情问题归咎于中国。
特朗普的排外措施有不少都收效甚微,或者不了了之,但对中国的态度,却催化了美国社会部分民众仇视华裔甚至亚裔的情绪。
皮尤研究中心调查发现,从2018到2021年,美国人对中国持负面看法的比例,从46%上升到67%,近9成美国人把中国看作最大竞争对手。
仇恨亚裔犯罪也开始激增。据FBI统计,相关案件从2018年的161起,飙升到了2021年的746起。与此同时,美国社会的“顽疾”——大规模枪击事件也有增无减。从2018到2022年,相关案件几乎翻了一番,从336起增加到647起。2021年,美国每天有约50人死于枪支暴力。
![中国学生赴美留学黄金时代走向终结?](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
2019年6月24日,美国皮奥里亚,章莹颖的父亲在法庭外用中文宣读一份声明,母亲悲伤不已,章莹颖在2017年前往伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校访学,后不幸遇害。(@视觉中国 图)
当这些信息频繁出现,在包括留学生在内的很多中国人看来,美国似乎正变得越来越不安全。而且,现实中,留学生群体也确实受到这波排外浪潮影响。
2020年,特朗普颁布总统令,禁止和军工企业有关的中国研究人员进美国高校学习,理由是怀疑他们可能“盗窃”美国军事技术,从事“间谍”活动。
在禁令生效后3个月内,美国吊销了超过1000名中国学生的签证,还有更多人的签证申请被拒 绝。
拜登接任总统后,延续了特朗普的部分对抗政策,针对中国研究人员的这道签证限制也被保留。
美国政府辩称,这一禁令只针对百分之一的中国学生签证申请者。但无疑又是把对中国学生的猜忌摆在明面上的做法。
2021年,著名“鹰派”共和党参议员汤姆·科顿更是提出立法,希望全面禁止STEM(科学,技术,工程和数学)专业的中国学生获得美国签证,法案虽然没有得到足够多支持以获得通过,但让在美中国留学生的前景更加不明朗。
试图驱逐中国留学生的行为还有很多。2021年,美国前国防部副部长多夫·扎克海姆在《国会山报》发表文章称,“中国学生一直以来被认为是对美国知识产权的潜在威胁”,他主张增加国家奖学金,用美国学生替换37万中国留学生,这样美国大学的收入不会因此减少。
面对着美国从政府到民间与日剧增的猜忌、敌意甚至暴力行为,不少中国学生担心,他们正在成为中美关系恶化的“牺牲品”,“猎巫行动”的受害者,美国不再是留学的首选。
从“派10万”到“中国行动计划”
吉米·卡特担任美国总统期间,曾在凌晨3点被电话吵醒。当时,他心里一沉,想着,天呐,一定是美国“某处发生了灾难”。接起电话,对面传来的是国家科学顾问弗兰克·普莱斯的声音。
这通电话是在邓小平坚持下拨打的。那是1978年,普莱斯正在出访中国,邓小平希望通过他转达“派遣5000名学生到美国”的想法。对此,卡特回应称,“让他派10万”,然后昏昏沉沉地挂断了电话。
![中国学生赴美留学黄金时代走向终结?](http://img.mp.itc.cn/upload/20170811/7d78982f7dbf42dd935fbd9d1cfe3fd5_th.jpg)
1872-1875年间,清政府先后派出120名幼童赴美留学,是中国历史上首批官派留学生,其中包括后来被誉为“中国铁路之父”的詹天佑、中华民国首任国务总理唐绍仪等人。(@视觉中国 图)
1979年1月1日,中美正式建交,而就在5天前,52名中国学生搭上飞往美国的航班。这52人中,就有李衍达、陈俊良等6人,他们后来成为中国科学院或中国工程院院士。迄今为止最大的一波赴美留学浪潮也就此开启。
从一开始,留学生就是呈现中美关系改变的一个符号。而同样,当中美关系出现波折时,他们也会受到影响。
“一旦中美关系恶化,这种‘中国威胁论’或者‘中国学生学者都是间谍’等捕风捉影的刑事指控就会冒出来。”国际移民研究学者、云南大学社会学系副教授游天龙在一期播客中提到,在1999年,美国就曾发生了震动华人世界的“李文和案”。当时,华裔科学家李文和被指向中国泄露核武器机密,被无辜拘留9个月。“那时候美国已经开始将中国视为战略竞争对手。2000年美国大选,小布什在大选中打中国牌,无端指责中国,认为中国是美国的敌人。”
不过,“9·11”爆发后,美国在应对全球反恐问题上,需要中国的支持。双方关系再次改善。加之中国私人留学数量增加,美国在反恐态势逐渐稳定后也放开了对留学签证的限制,中国赴美留学人数开始暴增。到2019年,有超过37万中国学生在美国大学读书,占美国国际学生人数的35%,也为美国贡献了159亿美元收入。
40多年的赴美留学热,更是为中美搭建了一座交流的桥梁,但现在,这座桥的地基愈发不稳。
游天龙分析认为,事实上,这种态势从奥巴马政府时期就开始了。“到奥巴马执政后期,特别是特朗普执政这四年,诉讼成了打击中国学生、学者的一种常规性操作。”游天龙说,“比如最著名的‘中国行动计划’(China Initiative)。根据这个计划,几乎动员了全美的检察院,在联邦层面进行协调,在各个检察院层面采取行动,检察官们也推出了各种各样的针对中国学生、学者的诉讼。很多诉讼其实都立不住脚,但这种人人自危的震慑效果已经产生 了。”
据新华社报道,虽然到2022年初,美国司法部终止了实施超过三年的“中国行动计划”,但其带来的“寒蝉效应”,为中美之间正常的科技交流与合作竖起了一道无形的幕墙。
另一面,中国人对美国的好感也在下降。《环球时报》援引国外2023年一项调查称,中国77%的人对美国缺乏好感。
“我这一代的中国人仰望美国,”在写给《纽约时报》的专栏文章中,中国人民大学重阳金融研究院院长王文表示,“但经过多年观察美国的海外战争、鲁莽的经济政策和破坏性的党派偏见——最终导致去年(2021年)对美国国会大厦的可耻袭击——许多中国人,包括我在内,几乎再也认不出那座闪亮的灯塔了。”
中国学生正在把目光转向同样有世界名校,但留学环境更安全,成本更低,毕业后更容易获得当地就业机会的英国、新加坡等地。2023年,英国有17所QS世界大学排名前100的高校,仅次于美国的27所,从2017到2022年,中国赴英留学人数增长了 50%。
不过,美国也在依靠印度、越南等地的留学生填补中国留下的空缺。2022年,印度赴美留学人数增长了19%,总数接近20万人——和中国在2006-2013年间赴美留学人数的增长率相当。
“或许短期内我们能通过保险获得补偿,”在谈到中国留学生减少趋势时,UIUC商学院负责人表示,“但长远来看,必须让国际学生来源更多样 化。”